Pancha rathas; Mahaballipuram, Tamil Nadu, India; 630–668 CE. Photograph: Oleg Yunakov (2025), Wikimedia Commons

A structure that is excavated or carved out of a single block of rock. Monoliths are usually not moved from the original area of excavation and are often attached to the base rock. The Pancha Rathas in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, are an example of monolithic structures. From the Ancient Greek monos, meaning ‘single’, and lithos, meaning ‘stone’.