The Safavid Shah Tahmasp I and the Mughal Emperor Humayun at a Nowruz festival; Chehel Sotoun Palace, Isfahan, Iran; c. 1647. Photograph: Muhammad Mahdi Karim (2012), Wikimedia Commons

A dynasty that ruled over Iran between 1501 and 1736 CE. It consolidated the empire, established a system of state and bureaucracy and patronised the arts and letters, especially manuscript painting. The court of Safavid Iran was a major cultural influence to the arts under the Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent.