Dharmarajika Stupa, a Mauryan-era Buddhist stupa near the city of Taxila; Taxila, Pakistan. Photograph: Sasha Isachenko (2010), Wikimedia Commons

An archaeological site in present-day Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Founded c. 1000 BCE, the site was located along trade routes between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It was successively controlled by the Achaemenid, Mauryan, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Kushan Empires. From the Sanskrit takshashila, meaning “city of cut stone.”